What’s in Your Tap Water? The 25 Largest US Cities
Every water utility publishes an annual water quality report. We read the latest one for the main utility in each of the 25 largest US cities and pulled out four things people ask about most: the disinfectant, hardness, lead service lines, and PFAS. For each, we note which filter certification addresses it.
Every utility here is regulated under the federal Safe Drinking Water Act. This page isn’t a safety ranking. It’s here to help you understand your report and pick the right filter if you want one.
On a private well? Utility reports don’t cover wells. See Private Well Primer for testing by state.
How to read this page
- Disinfectant. Utilities keep a small amount of chlorine or chloramine (chlorine combined with ammonia) in the pipes to keep the water safe on its way to you. It matters for filter choice: chloramine needs a filter certified for chloramine specifically. 12 of these 25 utilities use chloramine.
- Hardness is mostly dissolved calcium and magnesium. It causes scale and soap scum. We use the USGS scale: 0–60 mg/L soft, 61–120 moderately hard, 121–180 hard, over 180 very hard. One grain per gallon (gpg) is about 17.1 mg/L. Source: USGS Water Science School: Hardness of water.
- Lead service lines are the pipes connecting some older homes to the water main. Most utilities now publish a service line inventory, and many link a lookup map in their report.
- PFAS are a large family of man-made chemicals. EPA’s fifth Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR 5) required utilities to sample for 29 PFAS (and lithium) between 2023 and 2025. We show results at or above the reporting level for each city’s main system, from the final dataset. Sources: EPA: Fifth Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR 5); EPA: UCMR occurrence data (UCMR 5 final dataset).
- Federal PFAS limits. In April 2024 EPA set limits for PFOA and PFOS (4.0 ppt each) and for PFHxS, PFNA and HFPO-DA (10 ppt each), plus a Hazard Index for mixtures. In May 2026 EPA proposed extending the PFOA and PFOS compliance date from 2029 to 2031 and rescinding the other limits. As of October 23, 2026, we found no final rule on those proposals. Sources: EPA: PFAS National Primary Drinking Water Regulation; EPA: Proposed PFOA and PFOS compliance extension rule; Federal Register, May 20, 2026: Extending the compliance deadline for the PFOA and PFOS MCLs (proposed).
Labels: Unverified means we couldn’t confirm the fact on an official page. “Older data” means the newest report wasn’t available to us. ppt = parts per trillion (ng/L).
Which certification addresses what
A filter only reduces what it’s certified for. Check the specific claim (not just the standard number) in a certifier’s listing.
| Concern | What to look for | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Chlorine taste and smell | NSF/ANSI 42, chlorine reduction claim | NSF |
| Chloramine | NSF/ANSI 42, chloramine reduction claim (separate from chlorine) | NSF |
| Lead | NSF/ANSI 53 lead reduction plus NSF/ANSI 42 Class I particulate (pitcher or point-of-use); reverse osmosis systems are certified under NSF/ANSI 58 | EPA lead filter tool; EPA WaterSense |
| PFAS | NSF/ANSI 53 (carbon, ion exchange) or NSF/ANSI 58 (reverse osmosis) PFAS reduction claim. Claims mainly cover PFOA and PFOS; NSF’s “total PFAS” claim adds PFHpA, PFHxS, PFNA and PFBS. | EPA; NSF |
| Some pesticides, medications and other emerging compounds | NSF/ANSI 401 (up to 15 named compounds) | NSF |
| Hardness and scale | Softener certified to NSF/ANSI 44, or scale-reduction device certified to IAPMO/ANSI Z601 | EPA WaterSense |
- EPA notes that, as of April 2024, PFAS certifications don’t yet show reduction to the new federal limits, and that a filter may not be useful for PFAS if your water is already below them. Replacing cartridges on schedule matters. Source: EPA: Reducing PFAS in your drinking water with a home filter.
- EPA puts home PFAS filter costs at about $20 to $1,000 for carbon and ion exchange, and $150 to $1,000 for reverse osmosis. Reverse osmosis also sends some water down the drain; WaterSense-labeled systems use 2.3 gallons or less per gallon of treated water. Sources: EPA: Identifying drinking water filters certified to reduce PFAS; EPA WaterSense: Guide to selecting water treatment systems (PDF, Nov 2024).
- Look products up in a certifier’s listing: NSF, WQA, IAPMO, CSA, or UL.
Brands that sell certified filters include Waterdrop, Aquasana and AquaTru, and whole-house sellers such as SpringWell and US Water Systems. We haven’t tested these products. Check each model’s certification listing before you buy. If you want to know what’s at your own tap, mail-in lab tests such as Tap Score are another option.
City list at a glance
9 of the 25 main systems reported no PFAS at or above UCMR 5 reporting levels.
| Rank | City | Main utility | Disinfectant | Hardness (USGS scale) | PFAS types at or above UCMR 5 reporting level |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | New York, NY | NYC Department of Environmental Protection | Chlorine | 32 mg/L Soft | None |
| 2 | Los Angeles, CA | Los Angeles Department of Water and Power | Chloramine | 103–236 mg/L Moderately hard to very hard | None |
| 3 | Chicago, IL | Chicago Department of Water Management | Chlorine | Not reported | None |
| 4 | Houston, TX | Houston Public Works | Chloramine | 135.5 mg/L Hard | 4 |
| 5 | Phoenix, AZ | City of Phoenix Water Services | Chlorine | 172–302 mg/L Hard to very hard | 2 |
| 6 | Philadelphia, PA | Philadelphia Water Department | Chloramine | 101–169 mg/L Moderately hard to hard | 8 |
| 7 | San Antonio, TX | San Antonio Water System | Chlorine | Not reported | 3 |
| 8 | San Diego, CA | City of San Diego Public Utilities Department | Chloramine | 237–243 mg/L Very hard | None |
| 9 | Dallas, TX | Dallas Water Utilities | Chloramine | Not reported | 8 |
| 10 | Fort Worth, TX | Fort Worth Water | Chloramine | 100–171 mg/L Moderately hard to hard | 7 |
| 11 | Jacksonville, FL | JEA | Chlorine | Varies by ZIP code | 2 |
| 12 | Austin, TX | Austin Water | Chloramine | 93 mg/L Moderately hard | 6 |
| 13 | San Jose, CA | San Jose Water | Chlorine or chloramine | 99–288 mg/L Moderately hard to very hard | 2 |
| 14 | Charlotte, NC | Charlotte Water | Chlorine | 32 mg/L Soft | 2 |
| 15 | Columbus, OH | Columbus Division of Water | Chlorine | 98–125 mg/L Moderately hard to hard | 6 |
| 16 | Indianapolis, IN | Citizens Energy Group | Chloramine | 148–460 mg/L Hard to very hard | 4 |
| 17 | San Francisco, CA | San Francisco Public Utilities Commission | Chloramine | 62 mg/L Moderately hard | None |
| 18 | Seattle, WA | Seattle Public Utilities | Chlorine | 20–25 mg/L Soft | None |
| 19 | Denver, CO | Denver Water | Chloramine | 105 mg/L Moderately hard | None |
| 20 | Nashville, TN | Metro Water Services | Chlorine | 100.5 mg/L Moderately hard | None |
| 21 | Oklahoma City, OK | Oklahoma City Utilities | Not confirmed | Not reported | 1 |
| 22 | Washington, DC | DC Water | Chloramine | 139 mg/L Hard | 2 |
| 23 | El Paso, TX | El Paso Water | Chlorine | 175 mg/L Hard | 6 |
| 24 | Las Vegas, NV | Las Vegas Valley Water District | Chlorine | 280 mg/L Very hard | 2 |
| 25 | Boston, MA | Boston Water and Sewer Commission | Chloramine | 13.1 mg/L Soft | None |
City-by-city details
1. New York, NY
Main utility: NYC Department of Environmental Protection (DEP). Latest annual water quality report: 2025 Drinking Water Supply and Quality Report.
Disinfectant Chlorine
Chlorine (average residual about 0.6 mg/L in 2025). Source: 2025 Drinking Water Supply and Quality Report, checked October 23, 2026.
Hardness Soft
Average 32 mg/L (range 18 to 100 mg/L), about 2 grains per gallon. Source: 2025 Drinking Water Supply and Quality Report, checked October 23, 2026.
Lead service lines
The city's water is delivered lead-free, but homes built before 1961 may have lead service lines. DEP publishes a service line map and in 2025 expanded free lead service line replacement to eligible properties in the Bronx and Queens. DEP lead information and service line map. Source: 2025 Drinking Water Supply and Quality Report, checked October 23, 2026.
PFAS (EPA UCMR 5)
EPA’s UCMR 5 data for this utility’s main system (PWSID NY7003493) include 16 sampling events from 2023, 2024, 2025.
No PFAS were reported at or above UCMR 5 minimum reporting levels.
Source: EPA: UCMR occurrence data (UCMR 5 final dataset), final dataset; checked October 23, 2026.
If you want to filter
- For chlorine taste or smell: a filter certified to NSF/ANSI 42 for chlorine reduction.
- If your home has, or may have, a lead or galvanized service line or older plumbing: EPA suggests a pitcher or point-of-use filter certified to NSF/ANSI 53 for lead and NSF/ANSI 42 for Class I particulate.
- For PFAS: none were reported at or above UCMR 5 reporting levels. EPA notes a filter may not be useful for PFAS when levels are below federal limits.
2. Los Angeles, CA
Main utility: Los Angeles Department of Water and Power (LADWP). Latest annual water quality report: 2026 Drinking Water Quality Report (2025 data).
Disinfectant Chloramine
Chloramines. Source: 2026 Drinking Water Quality Report (2025 data), checked October 23, 2026.
Hardness Moderately hard to very hard
Varies by source: about 103 mg/L from the LA Aqueduct Filtration Plant up to about 235 mg/L in water from the Metropolitan Water District (overall range 78 to 280 mg/L). Your neighborhood's blend decides where you fall. Source: 2026 Drinking Water Quality Report (2025 data), checked October 23, 2026.
Lead service lines
LADWP reports no lead service lines in its system. Source: 2026 Drinking Water Quality Report (2025 data), checked October 23, 2026.
PFAS (EPA UCMR 5)
EPA’s UCMR 5 data for this utility’s main system (PWSID CA1910067) include 17 sampling events from 2023, 2024.
No PFAS were reported at or above UCMR 5 minimum reporting levels.
Source: EPA: UCMR occurrence data (UCMR 5 final dataset), final dataset; checked October 23, 2026.
If you want to filter
- For chloramine: look for an NSF/ANSI 42 chloramine claim. NSF lists it separately from chlorine, so a chlorine claim alone doesn’t cover it.
- If your home has, or may have, a lead or galvanized service line or older plumbing: EPA suggests a pitcher or point-of-use filter certified to NSF/ANSI 53 for lead and NSF/ANSI 42 for Class I particulate.
- For PFAS: none were reported at or above UCMR 5 reporting levels. EPA notes a filter may not be useful for PFAS when levels are below federal limits.
- For scale from hard water: a softener certified to NSF/ANSI 44, or a scale-reduction device certified to IAPMO/ANSI Z601. Some localities restrict salt-based softeners.
3. Chicago, IL
Main utility: Chicago Department of Water Management. Latest annual water quality report: 2025 Water Quality Report.
Disinfectant Chlorine
Chlorine (0 to 1 ppm reported in 2025). Source: 2025 Water Quality Report, checked October 23, 2026.
Hardness Unverified
Not listed in the 2025 report. We haven't yet found an official hardness figure. Source: 2025 Water Quality Report, checked October 23, 2026.
Lead service lines
Chicago has many lead service lines: homes and two-flats built before 1986 are highly likely to have one. The city offers free replacement for income-eligible homeowners (Equity program), waives up to $5,000 in permit fees for homeowner-initiated replacements, replaces lines at licensed daycares for free, and offers free lead testing through 311. Chicago service line lookup. Source: 2025 Water Quality Report, checked October 23, 2026.
PFAS (EPA UCMR 5)
EPA’s UCMR 5 data for this utility’s main system (PWSID IL0316000) include 8 sampling events from 2024.
No PFAS were reported at or above UCMR 5 minimum reporting levels.
Source: EPA: UCMR occurrence data (UCMR 5 final dataset), final dataset; checked October 23, 2026.
If you want to filter
- For chlorine taste or smell: a filter certified to NSF/ANSI 42 for chlorine reduction.
- If your home has, or may have, a lead or galvanized service line or older plumbing: EPA suggests a pitcher or point-of-use filter certified to NSF/ANSI 53 for lead and NSF/ANSI 42 for Class I particulate.
- For PFAS: none were reported at or above UCMR 5 reporting levels. EPA notes a filter may not be useful for PFAS when levels are below federal limits.
4. Houston, TX
Main utility: Houston Public Works. Latest annual water quality report: 2025 Water Quality Report.
Disinfectant Chloramine
Chloramines in the main system (average 2.8 mg/L). Source: 2025 Water Quality Report, checked October 23, 2026.
Hardness Hard
Average 135.5 mg/L (range 43.5 to 229 mg/L). Source: 2025 Water Quality Report, checked October 23, 2026.
Lead service lines
Houston publishes a service line inventory map. The report links to it at bit.ly/HouLCRRMap. Source: 2025 Water Quality Report, checked October 23, 2026.
PFAS (EPA UCMR 5)
EPA’s UCMR 5 data for this utility’s main system (PWSID TX1010013) include 99 sampling events from 2023, 2024, 2025.
| PFAS | Results at or above reporting level | Highest result (ppt) | Reporting level (ppt) | Federal limit context |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 6:2 FTS | 10 of 96 | 42.6 | 5 | No federal drinking water limit. |
| PFBA | 9 of 96 | 10.6 | 5 | No federal drinking water limit. |
| PFHxA | 16 of 96 | 5.1 | 3 | No federal drinking water limit. |
| PFPeA | 11 of 96 | 6.7 | 3 | No federal drinking water limit. |
A single result above a federal limit isn’t a violation: compliance is based on running annual averages, and these samples were taken at treatment plants or entry points, not at your tap.
Source: EPA: UCMR occurrence data (UCMR 5 final dataset), final dataset; checked October 23, 2026.
If you want to filter
- For chloramine: look for an NSF/ANSI 42 chloramine claim. NSF lists it separately from chlorine, so a chlorine claim alone doesn’t cover it.
- If your home has, or may have, a lead or galvanized service line or older plumbing: EPA suggests a pitcher or point-of-use filter certified to NSF/ANSI 53 for lead and NSF/ANSI 42 for Class I particulate.
- For PFAS: the compounds reported here (6:2 FTS, PFBA, PFHxA, PFPeA) aren’t among those named in the NSF PFAS claims we found. If this matters to you, ask the maker for test data on these compounds.
- For scale from hard water: a softener certified to NSF/ANSI 44, or a scale-reduction device certified to IAPMO/ANSI Z601. Some localities restrict salt-based softeners.
5. Phoenix, AZ
Main utility: City of Phoenix Water Services. Latest annual water quality report: Annual Water Quality Report.
Disinfectant Chlorine
Chlorine. Source: Annual Water Quality Report, checked October 23, 2026.
Hardness Hard to very hard
172 to 302 mg/L (10 to 17.6 grains per gallon). Source: Annual Water Quality Report, checked October 23, 2026.
Lead service lines
Phoenix publishes its service line inventory at phoenix.gov/pipes. Source: Annual Water Quality Report, checked October 23, 2026.
PFAS (EPA UCMR 5)
EPA’s UCMR 5 data for this utility’s main system (PWSID AZ0407025) include 105 sampling events from 2023.
| PFAS | Results at or above reporting level | Highest result (ppt) | Reporting level (ppt) | Federal limit context |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PFBA | 6 of 52 | 6 | 5 | No federal drinking water limit. |
| PFBS | 12 of 52 | 16 | 3 | No individual federal limit. It counts only in the 2024 Hazard Index for mixtures, which EPA proposed rescinding in May 2026. |
A single result above a federal limit isn’t a violation: compliance is based on running annual averages, and these samples were taken at treatment plants or entry points, not at your tap.
Source: EPA: UCMR occurrence data (UCMR 5 final dataset), final dataset; checked October 23, 2026.
If you want to filter
- For chlorine taste or smell: a filter certified to NSF/ANSI 42 for chlorine reduction.
- If your home has, or may have, a lead or galvanized service line or older plumbing: EPA suggests a pitcher or point-of-use filter certified to NSF/ANSI 53 for lead and NSF/ANSI 42 for Class I particulate.
- For PFAS: NSF’s “total PFAS” claim under NSF/ANSI 53 or 58 includes PFBS. Check that the product lists that claim.
- For scale from hard water: a softener certified to NSF/ANSI 44, or a scale-reduction device certified to IAPMO/ANSI Z601. Some localities restrict salt-based softeners.
6. Philadelphia, PA
Main utility: Philadelphia Water Department (PWD). Latest annual water quality report: 2025 Drinking Water Quality Report.
Disinfectant Chloramine
Chloramine. Source: 2025 Drinking Water Quality Report, checked October 23, 2026.
Hardness Moderately hard to hard
Average by treatment plant: Baxter 101 mg/L, Belmont 151 mg/L, Queen Lane 169 mg/L (range 72 to 270 mg/L). Source: 2025 Drinking Water Quality Report, checked October 23, 2026.
Lead service lines
PWD publishes a Service Line Material Map and offers the HELP zero-interest loan (up to 5 years to repay) for homeowners replacing a lead service line. Source: 2025 Drinking Water Quality Report, checked October 23, 2026.
PFAS (EPA UCMR 5)
EPA’s UCMR 5 data for this utility’s main system (PWSID PA1510001) include 14 sampling events from 2024.
| PFAS | Results at or above reporting level | Highest result (ppt) | Reporting level (ppt) | Federal limit context |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PFBA | 4 of 12 | 7.6 | 5 | No federal drinking water limit. |
| PFBS | 7 of 12 | 10 | 3 | No individual federal limit. It counts only in the 2024 Hazard Index for mixtures, which EPA proposed rescinding in May 2026. |
| PFHpA | 4 of 12 | 3.3 | 3 | No federal drinking water limit. |
| PFHxA | 10 of 12 | 9.1 | 3 | No federal drinking water limit. |
| PFNA | 2 of 12 | 4.5 | 4 | 2024 federal limit (MCL) 10 ppt; EPA proposed rescinding this limit in May 2026. |
| PFOA | 8 of 12 | 8.1 | 4 | 2024 federal limit (MCL) 4.0 ppt, measured as a running annual average. Compliance is currently due in 2029; EPA proposed moving that to 2031 in May 2026. |
| PFOS | 6 of 12 | 6 | 4 | 2024 federal limit (MCL) 4.0 ppt, measured as a running annual average. Compliance is currently due in 2029; EPA proposed moving that to 2031 in May 2026. |
| PFPeA | 9 of 12 | 9.9 | 3 | No federal drinking water limit. |
A single result above a federal limit isn’t a violation: compliance is based on running annual averages, and these samples were taken at treatment plants or entry points, not at your tap.
Source: EPA: UCMR occurrence data (UCMR 5 final dataset), final dataset; checked October 23, 2026.
If you want to filter
- For chloramine: look for an NSF/ANSI 42 chloramine claim. NSF lists it separately from chlorine, so a chlorine claim alone doesn’t cover it.
- If your home has, or may have, a lead or galvanized service line or older plumbing: EPA suggests a pitcher or point-of-use filter certified to NSF/ANSI 53 for lead and NSF/ANSI 42 for Class I particulate.
- For PFAS: EPA says to look for a PFAS reduction claim under NSF/ANSI 53 (carbon or ion exchange) or NSF/ANSI 58 (reverse osmosis). Most claims are for PFOA and PFOS.
- For scale from hard water: a softener certified to NSF/ANSI 44, or a scale-reduction device certified to IAPMO/ANSI Z601. Some localities restrict salt-based softeners.
7. San Antonio, TX
Main utility: San Antonio Water System (SAWS). Latest annual water quality report: 2026 Water Quality Report (2025 data).
Disinfectant Chlorine
Free chlorine (main system average residual 1.46 mg/L). Source: 2026 Water Quality Report (2025 data), checked October 23, 2026.
Hardness Unverified
Not found in the 2026 report. SAWS posts other water quality documents on its reports page, but we haven't confirmed a hardness figure yet. Source: SAWS water quality reports page, checked October 23, 2026.
Lead service lines
Lead pipes were banned in 1989. SAWS offers a free service line inspection to eligible customers in pre-1989 homes whose line is listed as "unknown," publishes a public inventory map, and lets customers report their own line material. Source: 2026 Water Quality Report (2025 data), checked October 23, 2026.
PFAS (EPA UCMR 5)
EPA’s UCMR 5 data for this utility’s main system (PWSID TX0150018) include 93 sampling events from 2023, 2024, 2025, 2026.
| PFAS | Results at or above reporting level | Highest result (ppt) | Reporting level (ppt) | Federal limit context |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PFBA | 3 of 91 | 9.2 | 5 | No federal drinking water limit. |
| PFBS | 2 of 91 | 3.8 | 3 | No individual federal limit. It counts only in the 2024 Hazard Index for mixtures, which EPA proposed rescinding in May 2026. |
| PFPeA | 1 of 91 | 3.2 | 3 | No federal drinking water limit. |
A single result above a federal limit isn’t a violation: compliance is based on running annual averages, and these samples were taken at treatment plants or entry points, not at your tap.
Source: EPA: UCMR occurrence data (UCMR 5 final dataset), final dataset; checked October 23, 2026.
If you want to filter
- For chlorine taste or smell: a filter certified to NSF/ANSI 42 for chlorine reduction.
- If your home has, or may have, a lead or galvanized service line or older plumbing: EPA suggests a pitcher or point-of-use filter certified to NSF/ANSI 53 for lead and NSF/ANSI 42 for Class I particulate.
- For PFAS: NSF’s “total PFAS” claim under NSF/ANSI 53 or 58 includes PFBS. Check that the product lists that claim.
8. San Diego, CA
Main utility: City of San Diego Public Utilities Department. Latest annual water quality report: 2025 Annual Drinking Water Quality Report.
Disinfectant Chloramine
Chloramines (average 1.75 mg/L). Source: 2025 Annual Drinking Water Quality Report, checked October 23, 2026.
Hardness Very hard
About 237 to 243 mg/L by treatment plant (13.8 to 14.2 grains per gallon). Source: 2025 Annual Drinking Water Quality Report, checked October 23, 2026.
Lead service lines
The city says its initial inventory did not identify any lead in the system. San Diego service line inventory. Source: 2025 Annual Drinking Water Quality Report, checked October 23, 2026.
PFAS (EPA UCMR 5)
EPA’s UCMR 5 data for this utility’s main system (PWSID CA3710020) include 32 sampling events from 2023.
No PFAS were reported at or above UCMR 5 minimum reporting levels.
Source: EPA: UCMR occurrence data (UCMR 5 final dataset), final dataset; checked October 23, 2026.
If you want to filter
- For chloramine: look for an NSF/ANSI 42 chloramine claim. NSF lists it separately from chlorine, so a chlorine claim alone doesn’t cover it.
- If your home has, or may have, a lead or galvanized service line or older plumbing: EPA suggests a pitcher or point-of-use filter certified to NSF/ANSI 53 for lead and NSF/ANSI 42 for Class I particulate.
- For PFAS: none were reported at or above UCMR 5 reporting levels. EPA notes a filter may not be useful for PFAS when levels are below federal limits.
- For scale from hard water: a softener certified to NSF/ANSI 44, or a scale-reduction device certified to IAPMO/ANSI Z601. Some localities restrict salt-based softeners.
9. Dallas, TX
Main utility: Dallas Water Utilities (DWU). Latest annual water quality report: 2025 Water Quality Report.
Disinfectant Chloramine
Chloramine. DWU's water quality page says "We use chloramine instead of chlorine" (2025 total chlorine residual averaged 2.97 mg/L). Source: Dallas Water Utilities: water quality information, checked October 23, 2026.
Hardness Unverified
Not listed in the 2025 report. An older (2023) city memo gives a figure, but we haven't confirmed a current one. Source: 2025 Water Quality Report, checked October 23, 2026.
Lead service lines
DWU reports no known lead service lines and links its inventory at bit.ly/DWULeadInfo. Source: 2025 Water Quality Report, checked October 23, 2026.
PFAS (EPA UCMR 5)
EPA’s UCMR 5 data for this utility’s main system (PWSID TX0570004) include 13 sampling events from 2023, 2024.
| PFAS | Results at or above reporting level | Highest result (ppt) | Reporting level (ppt) | Federal limit context |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PFBA | 12 of 12 | 13.2 | 5 | No federal drinking water limit. |
| PFBS | 12 of 12 | 7.6 | 3 | No individual federal limit. It counts only in the 2024 Hazard Index for mixtures, which EPA proposed rescinding in May 2026. |
| PFHpA | 4 of 12 | 6 | 3 | No federal drinking water limit. |
| PFHxA | 12 of 12 | 17.9 | 3 | No federal drinking water limit. |
| PFHxS | 3 of 12 | 3.8 | 3 | 2024 federal limit (MCL) 10 ppt; EPA proposed rescinding this limit in May 2026. |
| PFOA | 4 of 12 | 6.3 | 4 | 2024 federal limit (MCL) 4.0 ppt, measured as a running annual average. Compliance is currently due in 2029; EPA proposed moving that to 2031 in May 2026. |
| PFOS | 2 of 12 | 5.1 | 4 | 2024 federal limit (MCL) 4.0 ppt, measured as a running annual average. Compliance is currently due in 2029; EPA proposed moving that to 2031 in May 2026. |
| PFPeA | 12 of 12 | 18.2 | 3 | No federal drinking water limit. |
A single result above a federal limit isn’t a violation: compliance is based on running annual averages, and these samples were taken at treatment plants or entry points, not at your tap.
Source: EPA: UCMR occurrence data (UCMR 5 final dataset), final dataset; checked October 23, 2026.
If you want to filter
- For chloramine: look for an NSF/ANSI 42 chloramine claim. NSF lists it separately from chlorine, so a chlorine claim alone doesn’t cover it.
- If your home has, or may have, a lead or galvanized service line or older plumbing: EPA suggests a pitcher or point-of-use filter certified to NSF/ANSI 53 for lead and NSF/ANSI 42 for Class I particulate.
- For PFAS: EPA says to look for a PFAS reduction claim under NSF/ANSI 53 (carbon or ion exchange) or NSF/ANSI 58 (reverse osmosis). Most claims are for PFOA and PFOS.
10. Fort Worth, TX
Main utility: Fort Worth Water. Latest annual water quality report: 2022 Water Quality Report (older: the latest report wasn't reachable).
Older data: We couldn't retrieve Fort Worth's latest water quality report, so disinfectant and hardness figures come from the 2022 report. Check the city's current report.
Disinfectant Chloramine
Chloramines (2022 average 3.4 mg/L). Source: 2022 Water Quality Report (older: the latest report wasn't reachable), checked October 23, 2026.
Hardness Moderately hard to hard
100 to 171 mg/L (6 to 10 grains per gallon), from the 2022 report. Source: 2022 Water Quality Report (older: the latest report wasn't reachable), checked October 23, 2026.
Lead service lines
The city's service line inventory page says none of its service lines are classified as lead or unknown; it lists 32,590 galvanized lines that need replacement out of 300,778 total. Source: Fort Worth Water: service line inventory, checked October 23, 2026.
PFAS (EPA UCMR 5)
EPA’s UCMR 5 data for this utility’s main system (PWSID TX2200012) include 20 sampling events from 2023, 2024.
| PFAS | Results at or above reporting level | Highest result (ppt) | Reporting level (ppt) | Federal limit context |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PFBA | 20 of 20 | 10 | 5 | No federal drinking water limit. |
| PFBS | 10 of 20 | 4.9 | 3 | No individual federal limit. It counts only in the 2024 Hazard Index for mixtures, which EPA proposed rescinding in May 2026. |
| PFHxA | 16 of 20 | 10.6 | 3 | No federal drinking water limit. |
| PFHxS | 8 of 20 | 25.8 | 3 | 2024 federal limit (MCL) 10 ppt; EPA proposed rescinding this limit in May 2026. |
| PFOA | 8 of 20 | 8.3 | 4 | 2024 federal limit (MCL) 4.0 ppt, measured as a running annual average. Compliance is currently due in 2029; EPA proposed moving that to 2031 in May 2026. |
| PFOS | 8 of 20 | 7.3 | 4 | 2024 federal limit (MCL) 4.0 ppt, measured as a running annual average. Compliance is currently due in 2029; EPA proposed moving that to 2031 in May 2026. |
| PFPeA | 19 of 20 | 6.2 | 3 | No federal drinking water limit. |
A single result above a federal limit isn’t a violation: compliance is based on running annual averages, and these samples were taken at treatment plants or entry points, not at your tap.
Source: EPA: UCMR occurrence data (UCMR 5 final dataset), final dataset; checked October 23, 2026.
If you want to filter
- For chloramine: look for an NSF/ANSI 42 chloramine claim. NSF lists it separately from chlorine, so a chlorine claim alone doesn’t cover it.
- If your home has, or may have, a lead or galvanized service line or older plumbing: EPA suggests a pitcher or point-of-use filter certified to NSF/ANSI 53 for lead and NSF/ANSI 42 for Class I particulate.
- For PFAS: EPA says to look for a PFAS reduction claim under NSF/ANSI 53 (carbon or ion exchange) or NSF/ANSI 58 (reverse osmosis). Most claims are for PFOA and PFOS.
- For scale from hard water: a softener certified to NSF/ANSI 44, or a scale-reduction device certified to IAPMO/ANSI Z601. Some localities restrict salt-based softeners.
11. Jacksonville, FL
Main utility: JEA. Latest annual water quality report: Water Quality Report (2025 data).
Disinfectant Chlorine
Chlorine (average 0.95 mg/L). Source: Water Quality Report (2025 data), checked October 23, 2026.
Hardness
Varies by area. JEA offers a hardness lookup by ZIP code at jea.com/hardness. Source: Water Quality Report (2025 data), checked October 23, 2026.
Lead service lines
JEA publishes its service line inventory at jea.com/lcrr. Source: Water Quality Report (2025 data), checked October 23, 2026.
PFAS (EPA UCMR 5)
EPA’s UCMR 5 data for this utility’s main system (PWSID FL2161328) include 63 sampling events from 2024, 2025.
| PFAS | Results at or above reporting level | Highest result (ppt) | Reporting level (ppt) | Federal limit context |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PFPeA | 4 of 62 | 6.8 | 3 | No federal drinking water limit. |
| PFPeS | 4 of 62 | 5.2 | 4 | No federal drinking water limit. |
A single result above a federal limit isn’t a violation: compliance is based on running annual averages, and these samples were taken at treatment plants or entry points, not at your tap.
Source: EPA: UCMR occurrence data (UCMR 5 final dataset), final dataset; checked October 23, 2026.
If you want to filter
- For chlorine taste or smell: a filter certified to NSF/ANSI 42 for chlorine reduction.
- If your home has, or may have, a lead or galvanized service line or older plumbing: EPA suggests a pitcher or point-of-use filter certified to NSF/ANSI 53 for lead and NSF/ANSI 42 for Class I particulate.
- For PFAS: the compounds reported here (PFPeA, PFPeS) aren’t among those named in the NSF PFAS claims we found. If this matters to you, ask the maker for test data on these compounds.
12. Austin, TX
Main utility: Austin Water. Latest annual water quality report: 2025 Water Quality Report.
Disinfectant Chloramine
Chloramine (average 2.3 mg/L). Source: 2025 Water Quality Report, checked October 23, 2026.
Hardness Moderately hard
Average 93 mg/L (range 70 to 126 mg/L), about 5.4 grains per gallon. Source: 2025 Water Quality Report, checked October 23, 2026.
Lead service lines
Austin Water confirmed in October 2024 that its public water system is free of lead pipes and publishes an inventory map. Source: 2025 Water Quality Report, checked October 23, 2026.
PFAS (EPA UCMR 5)
EPA’s UCMR 5 data for this utility’s main system (PWSID TX2270001) include 15 sampling events from 2023, 2024.
| PFAS | Results at or above reporting level | Highest result (ppt) | Reporting level (ppt) | Federal limit context |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PFBA | 4 of 12 | 8.4 | 5 | No federal drinking water limit. |
| PFBS | 4 of 12 | 5.1 | 3 | No individual federal limit. It counts only in the 2024 Hazard Index for mixtures, which EPA proposed rescinding in May 2026. |
| PFHxA | 2 of 12 | 3.3 | 3 | No federal drinking water limit. |
| PFHxS | 6 of 12 | 6.2 | 3 | 2024 federal limit (MCL) 10 ppt; EPA proposed rescinding this limit in May 2026. |
| PFOS | 2 of 12 | 4.8 | 4 | 2024 federal limit (MCL) 4.0 ppt, measured as a running annual average. Compliance is currently due in 2029; EPA proposed moving that to 2031 in May 2026. |
| PFPeA | 4 of 12 | 4.1 | 3 | No federal drinking water limit. |
A single result above a federal limit isn’t a violation: compliance is based on running annual averages, and these samples were taken at treatment plants or entry points, not at your tap.
Source: EPA: UCMR occurrence data (UCMR 5 final dataset), final dataset; checked October 23, 2026.
If you want to filter
- For chloramine: look for an NSF/ANSI 42 chloramine claim. NSF lists it separately from chlorine, so a chlorine claim alone doesn’t cover it.
- If your home has, or may have, a lead or galvanized service line or older plumbing: EPA suggests a pitcher or point-of-use filter certified to NSF/ANSI 53 for lead and NSF/ANSI 42 for Class I particulate.
- For PFAS: EPA says to look for a PFAS reduction claim under NSF/ANSI 53 (carbon or ion exchange) or NSF/ANSI 58 (reverse osmosis). Most claims are for PFOA and PFOS.
13. San Jose, CA
Main utility: San Jose Water (largest of several providers in the city). Latest annual water quality report: 2025 Consumer Confidence Report.
San Jose is served by more than one utility. This entry covers San Jose Water; check your bill for your provider.
Disinfectant Chlorine or chloramine
The report says chloramine and chlorine may be present, depending on the water source serving your area. Source: 2025 Consumer Confidence Report, checked October 23, 2026.
Hardness Moderately hard to very hard
Varies widely by source: groundwater averages 288 mg/L (175 to 451), local mountain surface water 151 mg/L, Valley Water treated surface water 99 mg/L. Source: 2025 Consumer Confidence Report, checked October 23, 2026.
Lead service lines
San Jose Water says it has no lead service lines. San Jose Water service line inventory. Source: 2025 Consumer Confidence Report, checked October 23, 2026.
PFAS (EPA UCMR 5)
EPA’s UCMR 5 data for this utility’s main system (PWSID CA4310011) include 54 sampling events from 2023, 2025.
| PFAS | Results at or above reporting level | Highest result (ppt) | Reporting level (ppt) | Federal limit context |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PFHxS | 12 of 36 | 5.5 | 3 | 2024 federal limit (MCL) 10 ppt; EPA proposed rescinding this limit in May 2026. |
| PFOS | 2 of 37 | 6.2 | 4 | 2024 federal limit (MCL) 4.0 ppt, measured as a running annual average. Compliance is currently due in 2029; EPA proposed moving that to 2031 in May 2026. |
A single result above a federal limit isn’t a violation: compliance is based on running annual averages, and these samples were taken at treatment plants or entry points, not at your tap.
Source: EPA: UCMR occurrence data (UCMR 5 final dataset), final dataset; checked October 23, 2026.
If you want to filter
- For chlorine taste or smell: a filter certified to NSF/ANSI 42 for chlorine reduction.
- For chloramine: look for an NSF/ANSI 42 chloramine claim. NSF lists it separately from chlorine, so a chlorine claim alone doesn’t cover it.
- If your home has, or may have, a lead or galvanized service line or older plumbing: EPA suggests a pitcher or point-of-use filter certified to NSF/ANSI 53 for lead and NSF/ANSI 42 for Class I particulate.
- For PFAS: EPA says to look for a PFAS reduction claim under NSF/ANSI 53 (carbon or ion exchange) or NSF/ANSI 58 (reverse osmosis). Most claims are for PFOA and PFOS.
- For scale from hard water: a softener certified to NSF/ANSI 44, or a scale-reduction device certified to IAPMO/ANSI Z601. Some localities restrict salt-based softeners.
14. Charlotte, NC
Main utility: Charlotte Water. Latest annual water quality report: Water Quality Report (2025 data).
Disinfectant Chlorine
Chlorine (running annual average 1.04 mg/L). Source: Water Quality Report (2025 data), checked October 23, 2026.
Hardness Soft
Average 32 mg/L (range 27 to 35 mg/L). Source: Water Quality Report (2025 data), checked October 23, 2026.
Lead service lines
Lead was not detected at the 90th percentile in 2025 sampling (1 site was above the action level). Charlotte Water publishes its service line inventory online. Charlotte Water service line inventory. Source: Water Quality Report (2025 data), checked October 23, 2026.
PFAS (EPA UCMR 5)
EPA’s UCMR 5 data for this utility’s main system (PWSID NC0160010) include 24 sampling events from 2023, 2024.
| PFAS | Results at or above reporting level | Highest result (ppt) | Reporting level (ppt) | Federal limit context |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PFBA | 2 of 20 | 9.7 | 5 | No federal drinking water limit. |
| PFPeA | 4 of 20 | 3.4 | 3 | No federal drinking water limit. |
A single result above a federal limit isn’t a violation: compliance is based on running annual averages, and these samples were taken at treatment plants or entry points, not at your tap.
Source: EPA: UCMR occurrence data (UCMR 5 final dataset), final dataset; checked October 23, 2026.
If you want to filter
- For chlorine taste or smell: a filter certified to NSF/ANSI 42 for chlorine reduction.
- If your home has, or may have, a lead or galvanized service line or older plumbing: EPA suggests a pitcher or point-of-use filter certified to NSF/ANSI 53 for lead and NSF/ANSI 42 for Class I particulate.
- For PFAS: the compounds reported here (PFBA, PFPeA) aren’t among those named in the NSF PFAS claims we found. If this matters to you, ask the maker for test data on these compounds.
15. Columbus, OH
Main utility: Columbus Division of Water. Latest annual water quality report: Consumer Confidence Report (2025 data).
Disinfectant Chlorine
Chlorine is the primary and secondary disinfectant (total chlorine 0.97 to 1.44 mg/L), with UV treatment as well. The plants also lime-soften the water. Source: Consumer Confidence Report (2025 data), checked October 23, 2026.
Hardness Moderately hard to hard
By plant: Dublin Road 125 mg/L (7.3 gpg), Hap Cremean 98 mg/L (5.7 gpg), Parsons Avenue 123 mg/L (7.2 gpg). Source: Consumer Confidence Report (2025 data), checked October 23, 2026.
Lead service lines
Most homes do not have lead service lines. The city's replacement program aims to remove all public and private lead and galvanized lines by 2040, offers a 0% deferred loan of up to $10,000 with no upfront cost (LEAP), and provides free lead testing to all residents. Source: Consumer Confidence Report (2025 data), checked October 23, 2026.
PFAS (EPA UCMR 5)
EPA’s UCMR 5 data for this utility’s main system (PWSID OH2504412) include 12 sampling events from 2024.
| PFAS | Results at or above reporting level | Highest result (ppt) | Reporting level (ppt) | Federal limit context |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PFBA | 4 of 10 | 17 | 5 | No federal drinking water limit. |
| PFBS | 1 of 10 | 11.1 | 3 | No individual federal limit. It counts only in the 2024 Hazard Index for mixtures, which EPA proposed rescinding in May 2026. |
| PFHpA | 1 of 10 | 4.3 | 3 | No federal drinking water limit. |
| PFHxA | 3 of 10 | 18.2 | 3 | No federal drinking water limit. |
| PFOA | 1 of 10 | 5.3 | 4 | 2024 federal limit (MCL) 4.0 ppt, measured as a running annual average. Compliance is currently due in 2029; EPA proposed moving that to 2031 in May 2026. |
| PFPeA | 3 of 10 | 14.2 | 3 | No federal drinking water limit. |
A single result above a federal limit isn’t a violation: compliance is based on running annual averages, and these samples were taken at treatment plants or entry points, not at your tap.
Source: EPA: UCMR occurrence data (UCMR 5 final dataset), final dataset; checked October 23, 2026.
If you want to filter
- For chlorine taste or smell: a filter certified to NSF/ANSI 42 for chlorine reduction.
- If your home has, or may have, a lead or galvanized service line or older plumbing: EPA suggests a pitcher or point-of-use filter certified to NSF/ANSI 53 for lead and NSF/ANSI 42 for Class I particulate.
- For PFAS: EPA says to look for a PFAS reduction claim under NSF/ANSI 53 (carbon or ion exchange) or NSF/ANSI 58 (reverse osmosis). Most claims are for PFOA and PFOS.
- For scale from hard water: a softener certified to NSF/ANSI 44, or a scale-reduction device certified to IAPMO/ANSI Z601. Some localities restrict salt-based softeners.
16. Indianapolis, IN
Main utility: Citizens Energy Group (Citizens Water). Latest annual water quality report: 2025 Water Quality Report.
Disinfectant Chloramine
Chloramines. Source: 2025 Water Quality Report, checked October 23, 2026.
Hardness Hard to very hard
148 to 460 mg/L (8.7 to 27 grains per gallon), depending on source. Source: 2025 Water Quality Report, checked October 23, 2026.
Lead service lines
Citizens has had a lead service line replacement program since 2022 and publishes an online inventory. Source: 2025 Water Quality Report, checked October 23, 2026.
PFAS (EPA UCMR 5)
EPA’s UCMR 5 data for this utility’s main system (PWSID IN5249004) include 27 sampling events from 2023, 2024.
| PFAS | Results at or above reporting level | Highest result (ppt) | Reporting level (ppt) | Federal limit context |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PFBA | 2 of 26 | 5.7 | 5 | No federal drinking water limit. |
| PFBS | 3 of 26 | 4 | 3 | No individual federal limit. It counts only in the 2024 Hazard Index for mixtures, which EPA proposed rescinding in May 2026. |
| PFHxA | 9 of 26 | 5.1 | 3 | No federal drinking water limit. |
| PFPeA | 11 of 26 | 7.6 | 3 | No federal drinking water limit. |
A single result above a federal limit isn’t a violation: compliance is based on running annual averages, and these samples were taken at treatment plants or entry points, not at your tap.
Source: EPA: UCMR occurrence data (UCMR 5 final dataset), final dataset; checked October 23, 2026.
If you want to filter
- For chloramine: look for an NSF/ANSI 42 chloramine claim. NSF lists it separately from chlorine, so a chlorine claim alone doesn’t cover it.
- If your home has, or may have, a lead or galvanized service line or older plumbing: EPA suggests a pitcher or point-of-use filter certified to NSF/ANSI 53 for lead and NSF/ANSI 42 for Class I particulate.
- For PFAS: NSF’s “total PFAS” claim under NSF/ANSI 53 or 58 includes PFBS. Check that the product lists that claim.
- For scale from hard water: a softener certified to NSF/ANSI 44, or a scale-reduction device certified to IAPMO/ANSI Z601. Some localities restrict salt-based softeners.
17. San Francisco, CA
Main utility: San Francisco Public Utilities Commission (SFPUC). Latest annual water quality report: 2025 Water Quality Report.
Disinfectant Chloramine
Chloramine (average 2.6 mg/L). Source: 2025 Water Quality Report, checked October 23, 2026.
Hardness Moderately hard
Average 62 mg/L (range 8.1 to 112 mg/L). Source: 2025 Water Quality Report, checked October 23, 2026.
Lead service lines
SFPUC reports no known lead service lines; it says they were removed in the 1980s. Source: 2025 Water Quality Report, checked October 23, 2026.
PFAS (EPA UCMR 5)
EPA’s UCMR 5 data for this utility’s main system (PWSID CA3810011) include 26 sampling events from 2023, 2024.
No PFAS were reported at or above UCMR 5 minimum reporting levels.
Source: EPA: UCMR occurrence data (UCMR 5 final dataset), final dataset; checked October 23, 2026.
If you want to filter
- For chloramine: look for an NSF/ANSI 42 chloramine claim. NSF lists it separately from chlorine, so a chlorine claim alone doesn’t cover it.
- If your home has, or may have, a lead or galvanized service line or older plumbing: EPA suggests a pitcher or point-of-use filter certified to NSF/ANSI 53 for lead and NSF/ANSI 42 for Class I particulate.
- For PFAS: none were reported at or above UCMR 5 reporting levels. EPA notes a filter may not be useful for PFAS when levels are below federal limits.
18. Seattle, WA
Main utility: Seattle Public Utilities (SPU). Latest annual water quality report: 2025 Drinking Water Quality Report.
Disinfectant Chlorine
Chlorine (average 1.0 mg/L). Source: 2025 Drinking Water Quality Report, checked October 23, 2026.
Hardness Soft
About 1.2 to 1.5 grains per gallon (roughly 20 to 25 mg/L) in the August 2025 quarterly analysis of the Cedar and Tolt supplies. Source: SPU quarterly surface water analysis, Aug 12, 2025 (PDF), checked October 23, 2026.
Lead service lines
SPU says there is no detectable lead in its source water, but a small number of homes and businesses may have lead connections. 2025 lead sampling: 90th percentile 1.6 ppb, 0 of 52 sites above the action level. SPU lead information. Source: 2025 Drinking Water Quality Report, checked October 23, 2026.
PFAS (EPA UCMR 5)
EPA’s UCMR 5 data for this utility’s main system (PWSID WA5377050) include 9 sampling events from 2023.
No PFAS were reported at or above UCMR 5 minimum reporting levels.
Source: EPA: UCMR occurrence data (UCMR 5 final dataset), final dataset; checked October 23, 2026.
If you want to filter
- For chlorine taste or smell: a filter certified to NSF/ANSI 42 for chlorine reduction.
- If your home has, or may have, a lead or galvanized service line or older plumbing: EPA suggests a pitcher or point-of-use filter certified to NSF/ANSI 53 for lead and NSF/ANSI 42 for Class I particulate.
- For PFAS: none were reported at or above UCMR 5 reporting levels. EPA notes a filter may not be useful for PFAS when levels are below federal limits.
19. Denver, CO
Main utility: Denver Water. Latest annual water quality report: 2026 Water Quality Report (2025 data).
Disinfectant Chloramine
Chloramines are added after filtration. Source: Denver Water: treated water quality summary, checked October 23, 2026.
Hardness Moderately hard
Average about 105 mg/L (range 55 to 124 mg/L). Source: 2026 Water Quality Report (2025 data), checked October 23, 2026.
Lead service lines
Denver Water's Lead Reduction Program replaces customer-owned lead service lines at no direct charge and provides a free pitcher and filters to enrolled households. Denver Water Lead Reduction Program. Source: 2026 Water Quality Report (2025 data), checked October 23, 2026.
PFAS (EPA UCMR 5)
EPA’s UCMR 5 data for this utility’s main system (PWSID CO0116001) include 18 sampling events from 2023, 2024, 2025.
No PFAS were reported at or above UCMR 5 minimum reporting levels.
Source: EPA: UCMR occurrence data (UCMR 5 final dataset), final dataset; checked October 23, 2026.
If you want to filter
- For chloramine: look for an NSF/ANSI 42 chloramine claim. NSF lists it separately from chlorine, so a chlorine claim alone doesn’t cover it.
- If your home has, or may have, a lead or galvanized service line or older plumbing: EPA suggests a pitcher or point-of-use filter certified to NSF/ANSI 53 for lead and NSF/ANSI 42 for Class I particulate.
- For PFAS: none were reported at or above UCMR 5 reporting levels. EPA notes a filter may not be useful for PFAS when levels are below federal limits.
20. Nashville, TN
Main utility: Metro Water Services. Latest annual water quality report: 2025 Consumer Confidence Report.
Disinfectant Chlorine
Chlorine. Source: 2025 Consumer Confidence Report, checked October 23, 2026.
Hardness Moderately hard
Average 100.5 mg/L (range 88.5 to 128.4 mg/L). Source: 2025 Consumer Confidence Report, checked October 23, 2026.
Lead service lines
Metro Water says water leaving its plants contains no lead. It publishes an interactive service line inventory map and a survey for customers with an unknown line. Source: 2025 Consumer Confidence Report, checked October 23, 2026.
PFAS (EPA UCMR 5)
EPA’s UCMR 5 data for this utility’s main system (PWSID TN0000494) include 8 sampling events from 2023.
No PFAS were reported at or above UCMR 5 minimum reporting levels.
Source: EPA: UCMR occurrence data (UCMR 5 final dataset), final dataset; checked October 23, 2026.
If you want to filter
- For chlorine taste or smell: a filter certified to NSF/ANSI 42 for chlorine reduction.
- If your home has, or may have, a lead or galvanized service line or older plumbing: EPA suggests a pitcher or point-of-use filter certified to NSF/ANSI 53 for lead and NSF/ANSI 42 for Class I particulate.
- For PFAS: none were reported at or above UCMR 5 reporting levels. EPA notes a filter may not be useful for PFAS when levels are below federal limits.
21. Oklahoma City, OK
Main utility: Oklahoma City Utilities. Latest annual water quality report: Consumer Confidence Report, calendar year 2025 (state-hosted, http only).
Disinfectant Not confirmed Unverified
The report lists the disinfectant only as "Chlorine/Chloramines" (running annual average 3.0 mg/L). We haven't confirmed which one on an official page. Source: Consumer Confidence Report, calendar year 2025 (state-hosted, http only) (http only: the state server doesn’t offer https), checked October 23, 2026.
Hardness Unverified
Not listed in the report. The city takes hardness questions at (405) 297-3056. Source: City of Oklahoma City: water services, checked October 23, 2026.
Lead service lines
The city says there is no lead in water leaving its plants or in its mains. It launched Lead-Safe OKC in October 2024 to help customers check their service lines. Source: City of Oklahoma City: water services, checked October 23, 2026.
2025 lead sampling: 90th percentile 0 ppb (range 0 to 4.41 ppb). The report says to call 405-297-3731 about the service line inventory. Source: Consumer Confidence Report, calendar year 2025 (state-hosted, http only) (http only: the state server doesn’t offer https), checked October 23, 2026.
PFAS (EPA UCMR 5)
EPA’s UCMR 5 data for this utility’s main system (PWSID OK1020902) include 16 sampling events from 2024.
| PFAS | Results at or above reporting level | Highest result (ppt) | Reporting level (ppt) | Federal limit context |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PFPeA | 3 of 8 | 4.7 | 3 | No federal drinking water limit. |
A single result above a federal limit isn’t a violation: compliance is based on running annual averages, and these samples were taken at treatment plants or entry points, not at your tap.
Source: EPA: UCMR occurrence data (UCMR 5 final dataset), final dataset; checked October 23, 2026.
If you want to filter
- For chlorine taste or smell: a filter certified to NSF/ANSI 42 for chlorine reduction.
- For chloramine: look for an NSF/ANSI 42 chloramine claim. NSF lists it separately from chlorine, so a chlorine claim alone doesn’t cover it.
- If your home has, or may have, a lead or galvanized service line or older plumbing: EPA suggests a pitcher or point-of-use filter certified to NSF/ANSI 53 for lead and NSF/ANSI 42 for Class I particulate.
- For PFAS: the compounds reported here (PFPeA) aren’t among those named in the NSF PFAS claims we found. If this matters to you, ask the maker for test data on these compounds.
22. Washington, DC
Main utility: DC Water (water treated by the Washington Aqueduct). Latest annual water quality report: 2026 Water Quality Report (2025 data).
Disinfectant Chloramine
Chloramine for most of the year, with a temporary switch to free chlorine each year for system maintenance. Source: 2026 Water Quality Report (2025 data), checked October 23, 2026.
Hardness Hard
Average 139 mg/L (range 84 to 194 mg/L), about 8 grains per gallon. Source: 2026 Water Quality Report (2025 data), checked October 23, 2026.
Lead service lines
DC Water runs lead service line replacement programs. Check your address at dcwater.com/replacelead. Source: 2026 Water Quality Report (2025 data), checked October 23, 2026.
PFAS (EPA UCMR 5)
EPA’s UCMR 5 data for this utility’s main system (PWSID DC0000002) include 10 sampling events from 2024.
| PFAS | Results at or above reporting level | Highest result (ppt) | Reporting level (ppt) | Federal limit context |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PFHxA | 1 of 8 | 3.1 | 3 | No federal drinking water limit. |
| PFPeA | 2 of 8 | 4.7 | 3 | No federal drinking water limit. |
A single result above a federal limit isn’t a violation: compliance is based on running annual averages, and these samples were taken at treatment plants or entry points, not at your tap.
Source: EPA: UCMR occurrence data (UCMR 5 final dataset), final dataset; checked October 23, 2026.
If you want to filter
- For chloramine: look for an NSF/ANSI 42 chloramine claim. NSF lists it separately from chlorine, so a chlorine claim alone doesn’t cover it.
- If your home has, or may have, a lead or galvanized service line or older plumbing: EPA suggests a pitcher or point-of-use filter certified to NSF/ANSI 53 for lead and NSF/ANSI 42 for Class I particulate.
- For PFAS: the compounds reported here (PFHxA, PFPeA) aren’t among those named in the NSF PFAS claims we found. If this matters to you, ask the maker for test data on these compounds.
- For scale from hard water: a softener certified to NSF/ANSI 44, or a scale-reduction device certified to IAPMO/ANSI Z601. Some localities restrict salt-based softeners.
23. El Paso, TX
Main utility: El Paso Water. Latest annual water quality report: 2025 Consumer Confidence Report.
Disinfectant Chlorine
Chlorine (average 1.99 mg/L). Source: 2025 Consumer Confidence Report, checked October 23, 2026.
Hardness Hard
Average about 175 mg/L (about 10.2 grains per gallon), from 63 to 236 mg/L by source. This is from an undated chemical analysis sheet (its file metadata says 2017), so treat it as older. Source: El Paso Water chemical analysis sheet (PDF, undated), checked October 23, 2026.
Lead service lines
El Paso Water says no lead service lines have been identified; 192 galvanized lines need replacement. Source: 2025 Consumer Confidence Report, checked October 23, 2026.
PFAS (EPA UCMR 5)
EPA’s UCMR 5 data for this utility’s main system (PWSID TX0710002) include 63 sampling events from 2023, 2024, 2025, 2026.
| PFAS | Results at or above reporting level | Highest result (ppt) | Reporting level (ppt) | Federal limit context |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PFBA | 3 of 57 | 11 | 5 | No federal drinking water limit. |
| PFBS | 2 of 57 | 8.5 | 3 | No individual federal limit. It counts only in the 2024 Hazard Index for mixtures, which EPA proposed rescinding in May 2026. |
| PFHxA | 5 of 57 | 4.5 | 3 | No federal drinking water limit. |
| PFHxS | 3 of 57 | 5.5 | 3 | 2024 federal limit (MCL) 10 ppt; EPA proposed rescinding this limit in May 2026. |
| PFOS | 2 of 57 | 8.5 | 4 | 2024 federal limit (MCL) 4.0 ppt, measured as a running annual average. Compliance is currently due in 2029; EPA proposed moving that to 2031 in May 2026. |
| PFPeA | 6 of 57 | 5.9 | 3 | No federal drinking water limit. |
A single result above a federal limit isn’t a violation: compliance is based on running annual averages, and these samples were taken at treatment plants or entry points, not at your tap.
Source: EPA: UCMR occurrence data (UCMR 5 final dataset), final dataset; checked October 23, 2026.
If you want to filter
- For chlorine taste or smell: a filter certified to NSF/ANSI 42 for chlorine reduction.
- If your home has, or may have, a lead or galvanized service line or older plumbing: EPA suggests a pitcher or point-of-use filter certified to NSF/ANSI 53 for lead and NSF/ANSI 42 for Class I particulate.
- For PFAS: EPA says to look for a PFAS reduction claim under NSF/ANSI 53 (carbon or ion exchange) or NSF/ANSI 58 (reverse osmosis). Most claims are for PFOA and PFOS.
- For scale from hard water: a softener certified to NSF/ANSI 44, or a scale-reduction device certified to IAPMO/ANSI Z601. Some localities restrict salt-based softeners.
24. Las Vegas, NV
Main utility: Las Vegas Valley Water District (LVVWD). Latest annual water quality report: Water Quality Report (current).
Disinfectant Chlorine
Free chlorine. Source: Water Quality Report (current), checked October 23, 2026.
Hardness Very hard
About 280 mg/L (16 grains per gallon). Source: Water Quality Report (current), checked October 23, 2026.
Lead service lines
LVVWD reports no lead service lines or lead-based components in its system. Source: Water Quality Report (current), checked October 23, 2026.
PFAS (EPA UCMR 5)
EPA’s UCMR 5 data for this utility’s main system (PWSID NV0000090) include 59 sampling events from 2025.
| PFAS | Results at or above reporting level | Highest result (ppt) | Reporting level (ppt) | Federal limit context |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PFHxA | 2 of 59 | 5.6 | 3 | No federal drinking water limit. |
| PFPeA | 2 of 59 | 4.8 | 3 | No federal drinking water limit. |
A single result above a federal limit isn’t a violation: compliance is based on running annual averages, and these samples were taken at treatment plants or entry points, not at your tap.
Source: EPA: UCMR occurrence data (UCMR 5 final dataset), final dataset; checked October 23, 2026.
If you want to filter
- For chlorine taste or smell: a filter certified to NSF/ANSI 42 for chlorine reduction.
- If your home has, or may have, a lead or galvanized service line or older plumbing: EPA suggests a pitcher or point-of-use filter certified to NSF/ANSI 53 for lead and NSF/ANSI 42 for Class I particulate.
- For PFAS: the compounds reported here (PFHxA, PFPeA) aren’t among those named in the NSF PFAS claims we found. If this matters to you, ask the maker for test data on these compounds.
- For scale from hard water: a softener certified to NSF/ANSI 44, or a scale-reduction device certified to IAPMO/ANSI Z601. Some localities restrict salt-based softeners.
25. Boston, MA
Main utility: Boston Water and Sewer Commission (BWSC), supplied by MWRA. Latest annual water quality report: 2026 Water Quality Report (2025 data).
Disinfectant Chloramine
Monochloramine (average 1.99 mg/L). Source: 2026 Water Quality Report (2025 data), checked October 23, 2026.
Hardness Soft
MWRA reports Metro Boston averaged 13.1 mg/L in 2025 (range 11 to 15.6), about 1 grain per gallon. Source: MWRA: water and health, checked October 23, 2026.
Lead service lines
In fall 2025, BWSC's 90th-percentile lead result was 22.5 ppb, above the 15 ppb action level (4 of 33 sites). BWSC offers no-cost private lead service line replacement; in 2025 it did about 1,001 inspections and replaced about 448 private lines. Lead hotline: (617) 989-7888. BWSC water service map. Source: 2026 Water Quality Report (2025 data), checked October 23, 2026.
PFAS (EPA UCMR 5)
EPA’s UCMR 5 data for this utility’s main system (PWSID MA3035000) include 4 sampling events from 2024.
No PFAS were reported at or above UCMR 5 minimum reporting levels.
Source: EPA: UCMR occurrence data (UCMR 5 final dataset), final dataset; checked October 23, 2026.
If you want to filter
- For chloramine: look for an NSF/ANSI 42 chloramine claim. NSF lists it separately from chlorine, so a chlorine claim alone doesn’t cover it.
- If your home has, or may have, a lead or galvanized service line or older plumbing: EPA suggests a pitcher or point-of-use filter certified to NSF/ANSI 53 for lead and NSF/ANSI 42 for Class I particulate.
- For PFAS: none were reported at or above UCMR 5 reporting levels. EPA notes a filter may not be useful for PFAS when levels are below federal limits.
Coming soon
We haven’t covered these cities yet: Detroit, MI, Louisville, KY, Portland, OR, Memphis, TN, Baltimore, MD, Milwaukee, WI, Albuquerque, NM, Tucson, AZ, Fresno, CA, Sacramento, CA. Other utilities serving parts of the 25 cities above are also coming soon.